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1.
Rev. latinoam. psicopatol. fundam ; 15(2): 323-349, jun. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-639539

ABSTRACT

Entre 1946 e 1948, o Serviço de Saúde Pública dos Estados Unidos (PHS) e a Oficina Sanitária Panamericana, com a colaboração de funcionários de saúde pública do governo da Guatemala, realizaram um estudo sobre o uso da penicilina como possível profilaxia para a sífilis, gonorreia e cancro. Os "sujeitos" do estudo - prisioneiros, doentes mentais e soldados gualtematecos foram inoculados com essas doenças e também pelo contato com prostitutas infectadas. A fraude foi parte do estudo e os abusos éticos foram discutidos no PHS. Os resultados do estudo não foram publicados.


Between 1946 and 1948, the United States Public Health Service and the PanAmerican Sanitary Office, in cooperation with public health officials of the Guatemalan government, conducted a study on the use of penicillin as a possible prophylaxis for syphilis, gonorrhea and cancer. The "subjects" of the study (prisoners, mental patients and Guatemalan soldiers) were inoculated with these diseases and also acquired them through contact with infected prostitutes. The fraud was part of the study and ethical abuses were discussed at the US Public Health service. The study results were not published.


Entre 1946 et 1948, le Public Health Service des États-Unis (PHS) et l'Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, en collaboration avec les responsables de la santé publique du gouvernement guatémaltèque, ont mené une étude sur l'utilisation de la pénicilline à titre préventif contre la syphilis, la gonorrhée et le cancer. Les sujets de l'étude - des prisonniers, des malades mentaux et des soldats guatémaltèques - ont été inoculés directement avec ces maladies, ainsi que par contact avec des prostituées infectées. Cette fraude était partie intégrale de l'étude, dont les abus éthiques ont été discutés par le PHS. Les résultats de l'étude n'ont jamais été publiés.


Entre 1948 y 1948, El Servicio de Salud Pública de los Estados Unidos (PHS) y la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, con la colaboración de funcionarios de la salud pública del gobierno de Guatemala realizaron un estudio sobre el uso de la penicilina como una profilaxis posible para el sífilis, gonorrea y cancro. Los "sujetos" del estudio - prisioneros, enfermos mentales y soldados guatemaltecos, fueron inoculados con esas enfermedades y también a través del contacto con prostitutas infectadas. El fraude fue parte del estudio y los abusos éticos fueron discutidos en el PHS. Los resultados del estudio no fueron publicados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial/history , Penicillins/history , Syphilis , Public Health/history
5.
Rev. med. (Säo Paulo) ; 87(4): 272-276, out.-dez. 2008. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-524392

ABSTRACT

Há oitenta anos, Alexander Fleming descobriu a penicilina. O trabalho enfatiza o contexto no qual foi descoberto a penicilina e suas repercussões na prática clínica e na epidemiologia...


Eighty years ago, Alexander Fleming discovered the penicillin. This paper stress the context in which the penicillin was discovered and its repercussions on clinical practice and epidemiology...


Subject(s)
History of Medicine , Microbiology , Penicillins/history
6.
DST j. bras. doenças sex. transm ; 18(1): 7-13, fev. 2006. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-553538

ABSTRACT

A penicilina foi o primeiro antibiótico descrito na literatura na década de 1940 e ainda tem o seu papel na medicina moderna. O uso deste medicamento ampliou-se desde sua descrição e atualmente continua a ser a indicação de escolha para algumas doenças. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a importância da penicilina no contexto atual, além de explicitar o mecanismo imunológico de reação adversa às drogas incluindo a alergia à penicilina, mostrando que a reação anafilática é uma situação incomum e freqüentemente diagnosticada pelos médicos e profissionais da área da saúde de forma equivocada. Tal erro leva a uma substituição desta droga, que, apesar de antiga, continua relevante para o tratamento da sífilis.


Penicillin was the first antibiotic described in the literature in the 1940?s, and it still has a role in the modern medicine. The use of this drug has beenamplified since its description, and nowadays, it continues to be the treatment of choice in some diseases. This paper has the objective to describe the importance of penicillin on the actual context, and further, explain the immune mechanisms of adverse reaction to drugs, including penicillin allergy. It is also presented that the anaphylactic reaction is uncommon and it is frequently mistaken diagnosed by doctors and health staff. Such mistake leads to the substitution of this drug, that even described long time ago continues relevant to the treatment of syphilis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Penicillins/adverse effects , Penicillins/history , Syphilis/therapy , Drug Hypersensitivity , Syphilis, Congenital , Pregnancy
11.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-23984

ABSTRACT

Research on Group A streptococci (GAS) before 1950 paved the way for successful clinical trials to prevent acute rheumatic fever (ARF) by treating the prior streptococcal infection with penicillin. Prevention of ARF has led to almost complete disappearance of rheumatic heart disease in the industrialized world, but has yet to be accomplished in developing countries, where most of the world's populations reside. Twenty years of research beginning in 1918 by Lancefield and others delineated the modern classification of haemolytic streptococci and led to the recognition that only Group A is responsible for the pharyngitis that causes ARF. M-protein, identified as a major virulence factor, is a powerful inhibitor of phagocytosis, and antibodies to it promote type-specific phagocytosis and therefore type-specific immunity. Other virulent properties of GAS include a bulky capsule, as well as extracellular toxins such as streptolysins S and O and streptococcal proteinase. McCarty and others pursued the cell biology of GAS and identified the cellular localization of various antigenic components. The discovery of purified M-protein as a helical coiled-coiled fibrillar protein has sparked development of M-protein vaccine. US, UK, and Trinidad scientists described differences between streptococcal infections of the throat and skin and noted particularly that many of the GAS M-types that cause impetigo are less likely to cause pharyngitis. GAS impetigo may cause acute glomerulonephritis, but such infections do not result in ARF. The changing manifestations of disease over time and the evolution of microbes are common themes in medicine today. These themes are relevant to GAS pharyngitis and ARF, especially the decline in the incidence of severe ARF and the decrease in severity of GAS pharyngitis. Research on GAS bacteriophages led to the discovery of a relationship between lysogenic GAS and production of erythrogenic toxin and has broadened approaches to the molecular epidemiology of GAS virulence. The 21st century begins with determination of the complete genome sequence of M-1, M-18, and M-3 strains of GAS. These studies provide evidence for phage-encoded toxins, high-virulence phenotypes, and clone emergence. This research will reveal genetic processes at the molecular level that control the emergence and decline of streptococcal diseases in different places and times and the shifting patterns in clinical manifestations.


Subject(s)
Animals , History, 20th Century , Humans , Penicillins/history , Pharyngitis/drug therapy , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics
12.
Salud ment ; 22(6): 37-41, dic.-ene. 1999.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-266812

ABSTRACT

La parálisis general progresiva, una de las formas más graves de la neurosífilis cerebral, se extinguió cuando se decubrió la penicilina. La historia de la penicilina empezó en el año de 1929, cuando Fleming descubrió la acción del penicillium notatum. En plena Segunda Guerra Mundial se buscó un laboratorio interesado en la producción masiva de penicilina. Edler logró equipar 21 plantas productoras en Estados Unidos. La sifílis se dividia en tres periodos según su evolución. En el terciario el treponema atacaba cualquier parte del organismo y se sabia que en 8 de cada 10 casos se afectaba el sistema nervioso central. En la neurosífilis se podían encontrar varios síntomas neurasténicos, como nerviosismo, irritabilidad, laxitud, fobias, insomnio, neuralgias, pérdida de la memoria, paresias, alteración de la personalidad, diminución de la sensibilidad, reducción de la libido, trastornos de conducta, disartria, cuadro demencial y decaimiento general de las funciones orgánicas. En este siglo, 65 por ciento de los enfermos neurológicos orgánicos del Cook Country Hospital, de Chicago, en el año 1944, eran neurosifilíticos; en el Seguro Social de México, la población se calculaba en 22 por ciento y en la Clínica Mayo, de los Estados Unidos, el porcentaje era 4 por ciento de sífilis y del 65 al 78 por ciento manifestaciones neurológicas. La creciente demanda de paciente con sifílis forzó a los directivos del Manicomio General de la Castañeda a crear el pabelló de neurosífilis para hombres y mujeres, en los años 20, y a ampliarlo en 1927. En 1993, los medicamantos que se utilizaban para el tratamiento de la sífilis en el Manicomio de la Castañeda eran permanganato de potasio, óxido amarillo de mercurio, subnitrato y carbonato de bismuto, clarato de potasio, calomel, neosalvasán, bicosolván, cianuro o biyoduro de mercurio, acetillarsán, sulfato de quinina y bromuro de potasio y de sodio. En una carta fechada el 28 de noviembre de 1944, el Dr. Manuel Guevara Oropeza, tras haber asistido a la convención sobre Penicilina, en St. Louis Missouri, propuso utilizarla, en la castañeda para ciertos casos de neurosífilis. Con esta carta, La Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia inició los trámites para administrar este tratamiento, y junto con el Consejo Psiquiátrico, notificaron que deberían seguirse cinco criterios...


Subject(s)
Humans , Penicillins/history , Penicillins/therapeutic use , Hospitals, Psychiatric/history , Neurosyphilis/history , Neurosyphilis/drug therapy , Mexico/epidemiology , Neurosyphilis/physiopathology
13.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 54(5,pt.1): 474-5, sept.-oct. 1994.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-147162
15.
Hindustan Antibiot Bull ; 1982 Aug-Nov; 24(3-4): 93-6
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-2441
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